These risk factors55 include, but are not limited to: Although evidence suggests that maternal and infant mortality are greatly influenced by mothers’ life circumstances growing up, health care institutions often deepen racial disparities. Source:  CDC 2019. Given the United States’ climate of racial inequality, African American women are more likely to experience stress during sensitive periods in early life and to be chronically exposed to stress. However, these changes only partly explain the growing number of recorded maternal deaths in the last decades. Contact Us There was a slight decline in Ohio's infant mortality rate from 7.4 per 1,000 live births in 2016 to 7.2 in 2017. The African American infant mortality rate reached an all-time low, decreasing by 9% since 2016 to 12.2 in 2018, but it is still more than twice the white infant mortality rate at 5.0 in 2018. In contrast to the early programming model, the cumulative pathway model focuses on stress across time, positing that chronic exposure to stress leads to allostatic load, or greater wear and tear on the body’s adaptive systems. In 2018, there were 36 infant deaths in Forsyth — 15 African Americans, 15 whites and six Hispanics — for an overall rate of 8.3 for every 1,000 live births. In 2018, the most recent year for which data was available, the infant mortality rate for black babies in Detroit was 15.9 while for white babies it was 7.1. The overall infant mortality rate across the U.S. is 5.7 out of every 1,000 live births. African-American mothers' persistent excessive maternal death rates. Although no single cause for the decline was found, a number of factors may be contributing, such as: women.31 A related study comparing infant mortality rates of obese African American and non-Hispanic white mothers showed that non-Hispanic white women experienced uniformly lower risk.32 &us, higher rates of obesity among African American women do not explain the racial disparity in infant or maternal mortality. NOTE: The information regarding Infant mortality rate - total (deaths/1,000 live births) on this page is re-published from the CIA World Factbook 2018. Produce data sets that include information on social and environmental risk factors for women and infants of color. The MMR and IMR for non-Hispanic white women in the United States are close to national MMR and IMR averages of high-income countries, whereas the MMR and IMR for African American women are closer to national averages of countries with less-developed economies.12, Maternal mortality rates in the United States plummeted over the 20th century;13 however, non-Hispanic white women experienced a steeper decline in maternal mortality than did African American women—introducing a racial gap that persists today.14 After decades of dramatic progress, maternal mortality in the United States is once again climbing for women of all races, increasing nearly 27 percent from 2000 to 2014.15 Importantly, the United States is the only developed country for which this is true.16, Like maternal mortality, infant mortality in the United States sharply declined over the 20th century. According to research conducted by Parker Dominguez, Caucasian and Asian women have the best pregnancy outcomes in the U.S., followed by Latinas, Native Americans and finally, African Americans. The rate varies from state to state and across race and ethnicities. Pre-term birth and low birth weight are two of the greatest risk factors for infant mortality. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_10-508.pdf [474.53KB], Source:  CDC 2019. Although recent attention on cases such as those of Erica Garner and Serena Williams shed light on an important problem, real change will require greater knowledge of why African American women and infants are most likely to die as the result of pregnancy-related complications. Mortality rate, infant, male (per 1,000 live births) Mortality rate, infant, female (per 1,000 live births) Survival to age 65, female (% of cohort) Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) Contraceptive prevalence, any methods (% of women ages 15-49) 2018 infant death rate of 6.3 per 1,000 live births was 9 percent higher than the most recent national rate of 5.8 in 2017. African Americans had over twice the sudden infant death syndrome mortality rate as non-Hispanic whites, in 2017. Maternal mental health issues among African American women are largely underreported and symptoms often go unaddressed.36 Moreover, mental health care is often inadequate to address the unique challenges they face as women of color, including race and gender discrimination in the workplace and beyond. Births: Final Data for 2017  National Vital Statistics Reports. Table 13. 2007 and 2012, the state infant mortality rate has crept up slightly in the past few years. Protecting the health of mothers and infants is a critical measure of a country’s development. Greater political will is also essential to undoing the legacy of racism in the United States, which is a contributing factor in maternal and infant mortality among African Americans. Within the U.S., the infant mortality rate varies across place and race. In order to address trends in adverse experiences during pregnancy and the postpartum period, policymakers should consider African American women’s lack of access to appropriate mental health care screening and services as well as the link between increased stress and maternal mental health. In 2018, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 5.7 deaths per 1,000 births nationally compared to 3.9 in New Jersey, which had the second lowest IMR in the nation, after New Hampshire (3.5). On December 30, 2017, she died.3, Although all deaths are tragic, Erica Garner’s death illuminates a devastating problem in the United States: African American mothers are dying at three to four times the rate of non-Hispanic white mothers,4 and infants born to African American mothers are dying at twice the rate as infants born to non-Hispanic white mothers.5 These two trends hold true across education levels and socioeconomic status.6 Even tennis star Serena Williams—a wealthy and remarkably powerful woman—nearly died from pregnancy-related complications.7. Significant disparity in outcomes betweenBlack and W hite infants continue. The 14.5% infant mortality rate decline from 11.7 to 10.0 in African American infants in Medicaid expansion states was more than twice that in non–Medicaid expansion states (6.6%: 12.2 to 11.4; P = .012). One would therefore expect women spared the stresses of American racial inequality during sensitive early developmental periods to have better outcomes. (see text box) Women in the United States are two to three times more likely to die than Canadian women in the maternal period—from the start of pregnancy to one year after delivery or termination.10 Similarly, infants in the United States have a 76 percent higher risk of death compared with infants in other wealthy nations.11 Disaggregating data by race reveals that higher rates of maternal and infant death among African American women drive the United States’ mortality crisis. For immediate release: January 10, 2018 (18-005) Contact: Dave Johnson, Strategic Communications Office 360-545-2944 WA infant mortality rate below U.S. rate, disparities still remain. Disentangling trends from measurement issues,”, Nina Martin and Renee Montage, “Focus On Infants During Childbirth Leaves U.S. Moms In Danger,” NPR, May 12, 2017, available at, Marian F. MacDorman and T.J. Mathews, “Understanding Racial and Ethnic Disparities in U.S. In 2018, the Mahoning County white infant mortality rate was 1.9 while the black infant mortality rate was 14.7. Jamila Taylor is a senior fellow at the Center. Indeed, studies show that African American teen mothers have lower infant mortality rates than African American mothers in their twenties.50 Since the births of young mothers are generally associated with poor health outcomes,51 this is a surprising finding and has been taken as strong evidence for the weathering52 hypothesis—the idea that cumulative stress negatively affects African American women’s health. Obesity—which is associated with pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia29—predicts both maternal and infant mortality and is more prevalent among African American women.30 Yet a recent study from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene showed that African American women of normal weight were still at higher risk of dying in the perinatal period than non-African American obese women.31 A related study comparing infant mortality rates of obese African American and non-Hispanic white mothers showed that non-Hispanic white women experienced uniformly lower risk.32 Thus, higher rates of obesity among African American women do not explain the racial disparity in infant or maternal mortality. This 5-year project, which ended in July 2020, aimed to address the wide spectrum of factors that contribute to the high infant mortality rate among U.S.-born African Americans living in Hennepin County. In fact, the United Kingdom has recently urged the United Nations to include pregnant transgender or intersex individuals in its protections for pregnant people. 1 Center for American Progress | Mass Incarceration, Stress, and Black Infant Mortality Mass Incarceration, Stress, and Black Infant Mortality A Case Study in Structural Racism By Connor Maxwell and Danyelle SolomonJune 5, 2018 Infant mortality and mass incarceration are major issues affecting the black community. The infant mortality rate for Africa in 2019 was 46.281 deaths per 1000 live births, a 2.47% decline from 2018. Infant Mortality Statistics from the 2017 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set. The toll of infant mortality on a community is measured using the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). Download Historical Data Save as Image. They … https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_10-508.pdf [474.53KB], Source:  CDC 2019. Shortly after giving birth to her son in August 2017, 27-year-old activist and Black Lives Matter icon Erica Garner suffered her first heart attack. African-American babies born in Wisconsin die before age 1 at a higher rate than any other state in the nation, according to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Four months later, she suffered another heart attack. Because black women experience the highest infant mortality rates among any racial or ethnic group in the United States, the authors stress that to decrease the IMR, long-standing factors that promote these disparities must be addressed directly. The Healthy People 2020 goal is to reduce infant mortality in the U.S. to 6.0 deaths per 1,000 live births by the year 2020. See Marian F. MacDorman and others, “Is the United States Maternal Mortality Rate Increasing? infant mortality has been a longstanding goal in the United States. Infant Mortality Rates (Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011), available at, U.S Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health, “Infant Mortality and African Americans,” available at, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Table 10: Infant, neonatal, postneonatal, fetal, and perinatal mortality rates, by detailed race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, selected years 1983–2013,” available at, Lu and Halfon, “Racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes.”, Margaret A. Harper and others, “Racial disparity in pregnancy-related mortality following a live birth outcome,”, California Newsreel, “How Racism Impacts Pregnancy Outcomes.”, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women’s Health, “Prenatal care and tests,” available at, Joyce A. Martins and others, “Births: Final Data for 2006” (Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009), available at, T.J. Matthew, Marian F. MacDorman, and Fay Menacker, “Infant Mortality Statistics from the 1999 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set” (Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002), available at, Mayo Clinic, “Premature birth,” available at, Kirsten Wisborg and others, “A prospective study of smoking during pregnancy and SIDS,”, Laurie F. Beck and others, “Prevalence of selected maternal behaviors and experiences, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 1999,”, James R. Roberts and others, “The Role of Obesity in Preeclampsia,”, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report—United States, 2011” (2011), available at, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, “New York City, 2008–2012, Severe Maternal Morbidity” (2016), available at, Hamisu M. Salihu and others, “Extreme Obesity and Risk of Stillbirth Among Black and White Gravidas,”, Nia Hamm, “High Rates of Depression Among African-American Women, Low Rates of Treatment,” HuffPost, September 25, 2014, available at, R.L Goldenberg and others, “Medical, psychological, and behavioral risk factors do not explain the increased risk of low birth weight among black women,”, Jamila Taylor and Christy M. Gamble, “Suffering in Silence: Mood Disorders Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women of Color” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2017), available at, Hamm, “High Rates of Depression Among African-American Women, Low Rates of Treatment.”, Gene Demby, “For People of Color, A Housing Market Partially Hidden From View,” NPR, Robert J. Sampson and Alix. Ranks third in Africa with an approximate rate of 5.8 in 2017, African mothers., having zero preventable infant deaths in the past few years is estimated that the black infant-mortality rate New. 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