You might come up with your own, but I made a little acronym out of the ending letters: MRMN. The highlighted letters are the signal or “hard” endings; in addition to der/die/das, they apply as above to the following definite articles: dieser … Check this out: So we have a base to work from, at least. In the first case, the teacher is known or relevant. This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you Das Besteck ist auf dem Tisch. Although this table is not exhaustive or to be taken as 100% correct all of the time, it will work for you 9 out of 10 times for basically half the nouns in the German language. Why? I learned more about gender, articles and nouns from this article than I had learned from several other sources. Unfortunately, the majority of nouns in German do not have a naturally occurring biological gender. the chairs = DIE Stühle. The most successful language learners know that learning to speak a language isn’t about memorizing lots of tables by heart, but about having fun with it. Your Guide to der, die, das, dem, den and des. ), or their grammatical gender, which means that the thing that the article refers to does not have a natural (biological) gender, but that the language assigned a gender to it nevertheless. Who eats – the woman or the man? German native speakers know mostly intuitively what the article of each noun is. / The woman is eating. So go out there, have some fun with German, and definite articles will follow suit. Ich soll ihnen helfen. Page description: Nouns are most often preceded by either a definite article (der, die, das: the) or an indefinite article (ein, eine: a/an). To make matters even more confusing, the word “die” is also used for plural words. The more you expose yourself to the German language, the easier it will be for you. Please check your email for further instructions. Although this table is not exhaustive or to be taken as 100% correct all of the time, it will work for you 9 out of 10 times for basically half the nouns in the German language. Er hat neben mir gesessen. FluentU will even keep track of all the German words you’ve learned, then recommend videos and ask you questions based on what you already know. Wer isst – die Frau oder der Mann? And that’s perfectly ok! The app contains a dictionary with more than 17,000 nouns. Thank you very much , I really appreciate the effort done . FluentU brings German to life with real-world videos. But there are a lot of German words, many of which do not have these endings. The Dativ case is used, in a sense, when talking about movement, the passage of time and the relationship between static (not moving) objects. First if all. (That’s what I keep telling myself at least. No, I would go and try to help this person. As you can see, German definite articles – in all their variety – carry a lot more information than does our one-size-fits-all, English "the." Amusingly, der Werfall translates literally as \"the who case.\"In the examples below, the nominative word or expression is in bold: 1. What’s important is to embrace this aspect of language learning and to not get frustrated about making the same mistake a million times. For now, check out this article for further explanation. Since when are articles a problem? 3 kein/e/n is being used in this table to show the plural because you can say 'no shoes' – keine alten Schuhe – but not 'an old shoes'. While native German speakers intuitively know which article to use, it is best for German learners to learn the article together with the noun. Just put the article on there as well. Whether to use a definite or an indefinite article in German is very similar to how you would use them in English. In German, however, nouns (i.e. Mädchen). That’s right; I just said you should ignore a whole case. The best thing you can do is to immerse yourself as much as possible in the German language and culture – to listen to lots of German music, watch German TV shows (there are lots of options for free online) and just try to use it as often as you can. When you ride your bike over a rock: Ich fahre über den Stein. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. It didn’t matter that they used the feminine article instead of the neuter, I could still understand what they were trying to say. (My mother is an architect. Declension Finder “Clozemaster is THE best app to learn a language after Duolingo.”. This has always been my biggest problem with German. I wouldn’t go into walk up to this person and say, “Entschuldigung, meinten Sie nicht DAS Mädchen?”. What’s most important when using a new language is simply being able to establish communication with another person. There’s even a highly amusing book devoted to this topic, written by Bastian Sick and entitled “The Dative is to the Genitive its Death” (“Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod”), which you should definitely have a look at once you can read books in German. I’ve even heard of truly dedicated German learners posting sticky notes all over their homes, labeling every individual object with its German name. *Die Mädchen hat mir mein Handy gestohlen. Thanks. What’s this “grammatical gender” thing, you ask? So, those phrases become die Jacke des Tom and der Schuh des Jennifer, respectively. But, since we’re in the Dativ case, das Sofa becomes dem Sofa. Therefore, the sentence is: You know how when you talk about possession, you simply add an ‘s to the end of a word? Thes… That easy! The more you expose yourself to the German language, the easier it will be for you. In principle you now really only have to learn one table, and this is for the cases where the case-ending precedes the adjective. Die Glaser sind auf dem Tisch. Der Artikel ist offensichtlich und so hilfreich. nouns (both tangible, like “chair”, and abstract, like “freedom”) have a gender, either their natural, biological, gender (woman, man, daughter, son, etc. It’s a lot to remember. Hurrikan (hurricane), Monsun (monsoon), Regen (rain), Schnee (snow), Wind (wind); Exceptions: you already know that they’re feminine, because they end in, motorcycle brands: Honda, Kawasaki, Yamaha…, names of ships: Titanic, Queen Elizabeth…, numbers used as nouns: die Zwei, die Hundert, die Million…, names of colours: Blau, Rosarot, Schneeweiß…, nouns that originate from verbs: Essen (eating), Lernen (learning), Reisen (travelling)…, the genitive case from the declension table (well, at least for now), of the definite article for the remaining three cases according to their similarity (check out the color-coded table I used before). Unlike English, every noun in German is assigned one of three genders: masculine, feminine or neuter. (Help! Includes dictionary, usage examples, pronunciation function and additional vocabulary feature. 2. (Download), When you’re learning German, do not simply learn the equivalent words as they are. But even if you work really, really hard, study all the cases and endings, always write down the article when learning a new word, you will inevitably make mistakes. But the table—der Tisch—becomes dem Tisch. You do not have to learn ALL the genders of ALL the nouns by heart – there are shortcuts. Let’s just do a bunch of examples to nail it all home. One last shortcut to help you with your noun genders and articles is to learn certain categories of meaning that are always the same gender, such as the following. Unfortunately, the majority of nouns in German do not have a naturally occurring biological gender. We can use the sentence, “The woman hit the man.” (As a disclaimer, we here at FluentU do not condone violence of any kind, but things happen, you know? So the next time you see a new word and it ends in, for example, you already know that it’s gender is feminine. Learning a language is all about making mistakes. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or its affiliates. A good part of language is made up of nouns, as naming things is very important to us as humans. There’s even a highly amusing book devoted to this topic, written by, “The Dative is to the Genitive its Death”. Even now, the genitive is something you learn in German language courses only when you reach level B1 (intermediate user), or thereabouts. However, there is still the huge elephant in the room, der Mann (the man), der Schüler (the pupil), der Student (the student), der Herr (the sir), die Frau (the woman), die Schülerin (the female pupil), die Studentin (the female student), have both masculine and feminine forms. FAVORITES To focus on problematic nouns, add them to your Favorites for later reference. I don’t know…. And if you’re more the video type, maybe these will help you out. When you first start learning German, you might feel quite upbeat and optimistic, thinking “Ok, this doesn’t look that hard, some of it is quite similar to English, like “Good morning” = “Guten Morgen” or “Monday” = “Montag”, I can do this!”. In German, words that refer to things, i.e. Like with anything in life, learning articles takes a lot of patience and time. That’s right; I just said you should ignore a whole case. ), Download: German grammar: table of definite article . Remember, the only article that changes is the masculine, so der Mann becomes den Mann. Thank you so much. When you’re speaking, you would say: die Jacke von Tom and der Schuh von Jennifer. – “Excuse me, I believe you meant DAS Mädchen?” (although I might bring this up once the crisis was resolved ☺). If you use Vocabulary Stickers, you’ll get the benefit of pre-made labels coded by grammatical gender, ensuring that you learn over a hundred of the most common German words with the correct gender matched to each. But both articles don’t change. The boy drinks. What’s important is to embrace this aspect of language learning and to not get frustrated about making the same mistake a million times. That’s what I always emphasize with my students, that they shouldn’t make a fuss when they accidentally used the wrong article because I was still able to understand perfectly well what they were trying to say. I appreciate a million times. It doesn’t matter if that thing you want is a specific chair, book or apartment. Ifyou’re not familiar with that then please check the German Casespage beforeproceeding to this page. And because the woman is doing something to the man (hitting him), we’re in the Akkusativ case. When you work somewhere, because time passes, you’d talk about it in the Dativ case. The table gave the table's table to the table. © 2021 Enux Education Limited. But “chair” is der Stuhl, so in this case, where something is being done to the chair (it’s being run over), it becomes den Stuhl in the Akkusativ case. Excel in your German classes and/or impress your native German speaker friends. Master the articles of German nouns. The gender of German nouns can be identified by the article they take; der for masculine, die for feminine and das for neuter. No, I would go and try to help this person. Because pretty soon the genitive case will no longer be with us. There are a few rules for masculine, feminine and neuter nouns. But, apart from grouping the article forms according to their similarity, there is one other thing you can do to make your life easier. Grimm Grammar is an online German grammar reference from the University of Texas at Austin. Introduction. If you can’t communicate in a language, then you don’t really speak it, do you? If you sit down at table in a restaurant, tell yourself what’s on the table in front of you: Die Serviette ist auf dem Tisch. After we have grouped our articles together according to their declension like in the table above and eliminated the genitive, life seems a bit easier. Every language has words that are nouns. Take a breath. (The napkin is on the table. For instance, if you learn the German word for, , always learn and repeat it by including its article, e.g. Clozemaster is great for this type of immersion. Articles: Der, die & das. Therefore, in German, the words from the above example also have genders, even though they do not originate from the characteristics of the object, but are assigned somewhat randomly. Language learning, getting fluent faster, and Clozemaster. Das Besteck ist auf dem Tisch. The article DIE is also used to for the plural, irrespective of the singular gender, so. However, there is still the huge elephant in the room – how will you know when to use which article; DER, DIE or DAS? It’s ok to learn their declension, the noun suffixes, etc., I stand by all of the advice I have given in this article. Native English speakers don’t know how good they’ve got it. Therefore, the sentence is: There’s another case we need to look at: Dativ. Clozemaster is a game to learn and practice language in context. For example, the nominative/accusative cases for feminine and plural nouns are the same, and the same goes for the masculine and the neuter dative and genitive. Who drinks – the girl or the boy? Rather, type in “the horse” so you get das Pferd. Access a complete interactive transcript of every video under the Dialogue tab, and review words and phrases with convenient audio clips under Vocab. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Das ist der Computer. Since German is a language that has cases, these articles change according to the grammatical case: But, as you can see, there are similarities across genders and not all cases require different article forms. Thankfully, everything else stays the same. Once you’ve watched a video, you can use FluentU’s quizzes to actively practice all the vocabulary in that video. Therefore, the sentence is: Since we’re talking about more than one orange, it’s plural, die Orangen. So it will take the nominative form in German, which is “DerLehrer”. Remember the word ending has a lot to do with the article, so memorize those and practice, practice, practice. Vielen Dank , ich weiß die Mühe wirklich zu schätzen . Really good advice, thanks. Der/das/die and Ein-word endings (including endings for the possessive adjectives mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer) Maskulin Neutrum Feminin Plural Nominativ der ein (==>mein, dein, Learning a language is all about making mistakes. It’s not so bad. This differs from English, where the word order in a sentence has more meaning. FluentU helps you get comfortable with everyday German by combining all the benefits of complete immersion and native-level conversations with interactive subtitles. What to Do After Duolingo: The Definitive Guide, Best Way to Learn a Language: A Complete Guide from Beginner to Fluent, Comprehensible Input – How Clozemaster Mirrors Natural Acquisition, How Cloze Tests Help You Learn A Language 5x Faster. Choose the correct definite article for each noun given. It’s one of the little nuances of the German language that has learners wanting to pull their hair out and potential learners giving up early in the game. Like with anything in life, learning articles takes a lot of patience and time. Ich bin glücklich. Fall/Wem-Fall in German), is the person or thing receiving the indirect action of a verb. German, however, often still needs the noun articles in order to clarify the sentence syntax. But even if you work really, really hard, study all the cases and endings, always write down the article when learning a new word, you will inevitably make mistakes. What’s most important when using a new language is simply being able to establish communication with another person. The word “the” starts looking like the most beautiful, efficient word ever conceived once you start learning a new language—particularly German. My German language skills is zero! The definite article is used in German (just like in English) when we refer to a particular object. A noun is a part of speech that denotes a person, animal, place, thing, or idea. We also participate in other affiliate advertising programs for products and services we believe in. Introduction In German language, there are three definite articles for nouns in singular: der for masculine nouns, die for feminine nouns and das neutral nouns. Unsure whether you should be saying der, die or das? The article is obvious and so helpful. Since when are articles a problem? der, die, das, ... (the) The definite German articles are: der, die, das, den, dem and des . The girl stole my mobile phone.). The article DIE is also used to for the plural, irrespective of the singular gender, so. Things get a bit more complicated when you start dealing with the Akkusativ case, which comes up when you do something with or to other things. But let’s not be intimidated; we can crack this code. Since this is the content that native German speakers actually watch, you get the chance to experience how modern German is spoken in real life. Below is a table of some forms of Nominative, you will onlyknow the difference when you will go through the 3 other cases (accusative,Dative, Genitive). And then you come across a little something called ARTICLES (cue dramatic music). The best you can do to improve your language skills is take the German you know now, at this very moment, and go out into the world (or some online language learning community, for example) and USE IT. Let’s look at two example phrases: The (female) teacher reads Die Lehrerin liest A (female) teacher reads Eine Lehrerin liest There is a slight difference in meaning. Simply. mixpanel.track_links('.box-promo-link', 'Blog box promo link click'); jQuery('body').on('click', '#boxzilla-overlay, .boxzilla-close-icon', function() { mixpanel.track('Blog box promo closed'); }); Stay up to date on the latest from Clozemaster and the Clozemaster blog. When you talk about where two things are in relationship to each other that are not being acted upon or manipulated in any way, you’d talk about it in the Dativ case. Plus, it’ll tell you exactly when it’s time for review. Pretty cool, right? This way, you get German immersion online without ever worrying about missing a word. There are no quick fixes and it will not come to you overnight, but gradually and with experience. Over 100,000 German translations of English words and phrases. “The line” here will be die Schlange (also meaning “snake”). In my book, that’s worth a lot! chair, book, apartment) have different grammatical genders. So if you’re messing around on Google Translate, for example, and you want to know how to say the word “horse,” don’t just type in “horse.”. 3. Here’s just a brief example of the variety of content you’ll find on FluentU: Watching a fun video, but having trouble understanding it? Maybe German articles – der, die and das – aren't that hard after all. Das ist der Computer, _____ wir letzte Woche benutzt haben. Die Frau Die Frau isst. In German, however, nouns (i.e. Like “Tom’s jacket” or “Jennifer’s shoe”? The term nominative comes from Latin and means to name (think of \"nominate\"). (The dog bites the man.) Der Junge Der Junge trinkt. *Die Mädchen hat mir mein Handy gestohlen. So, if I were somewhere in Germany, going for a leisurely walk in a historic town, and heard someone scream out, Hilfe! Optionally, you can display the definition of the noun. Confused by the German articles? After a fair amount of practice, you might even find that there’s a certain poetry to it. Read on to discover some tips to enhance your German language. FluentU is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Der becomes dem, die becomes der,  das becomes dem and the plural die becomes den. ! Again, notice that the noun itself rarely changes – it only picks up an ending in three places. So let’s start with some straightforward rules, how does that sound? Before We Begin. Das ist der Mann, _____ neben mir gesessen hat. In German “chair” is masculine (DER Stuhl), “book” is neuter (DAS Buch) and “apartment” is feminine (DIE Wohnung). German Definite Articles Der, Die, Das: Everything You Need to Know about Definite Articles in German, When you first start learning German, you might feel quite upbeat and optimistic, thinking “Ok, this doesn’t look that hard, some of it is quite similar to English, like “, And then you come across a little something called, (cue dramatic music). For simplicity sake, let’s just say it’s the second one (this is generally true). The glasses are on the table.). Required fields are marked *. In German, words that refer to things, i.e. To sum up, After we have grouped our articles together according to their declension like in the table above and eliminated the genitive, life seems a bit easier. Dieser Gedanke ist blöd. Thank you for giving me the courage to start and to carry on. Some of the genders are obvious, such … Or if something ends in –lein or –chen you know it’s a diminutive and therefore a neuter. nouns (both tangible, like “chair”, and abstract, like “freedom”) have a gender, either their natural, , gender (woman, man, daughter, son, etc. In the second, the teacher is not known or irrelevant. Start using FluentU on the website with your computer or tablet or, better yet, download the FluentU app from the iTunes store or Google Play store. How to Improve Your German Accent with Audio Clips, How to Hear Real German Conversations, Anywhere (with English Translations! The man reads. that indicate gender, this will help you recognize the gender of almost half the nouns in the German language! Your email address will not be published. Once you notice the parallel and the agreement of the letters r, e, s with der, die, das, it becomes less complicated than it may seem at first. The article that comes before every noun may seem totally random, but there are some tricks (and obviously there are exceptions to every rule, but for general reference…). the books = DIE Bücher. German takes it to a whole new level of complexity. The cutlery is on the table. Declension of the German definite articles, der, die, and das ("the"). Most of the changes take place in the article. Wo sind die … This is particularly important for you to consider when a German sentence makes a universal statement. So, if I were somewhere in Germany, going for a leisurely walk in a historic town, and heard someone scream out. What this title essentially means is that even native German speakers often use the dative instead of the genitive case and that pretty soon the genitive will cease to be used. Meine Mutter ist Architektin. So, to sum up, here is your ultimate survival kit for German articles/noun genders in one place: Ideally, at this point you would also learn its plural form (since it is often irregular), like this: Finally, as someone who has been speaking German all their life and teaching it for 10 years, I would like to offer the following little nugget of wisdom with regard to German articles – don’t worry about them too much. You’ll get Pferd. In fact, I would dare say that it’s much more important to make lots and lots of mistakes, have someone correct you and then learn from these mistakes, than to try to avoid them by not speaking at all. Of German words, many of which do not have to curl up a!: masculine, feminine and neuter nouns have been looking for all this while getting! Have been looking for all this while Mädchen? ” woman is doing something the... To your vocabulary list for later review German nouns English speakers don ’ t mean that you can books... Schlange ( also called suffixes ) to solve approximately 50 % of your article and noun gender-related problems statement... Walk up to you to in… der, die or das learning becomes... Amazon and the amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, Masks! Or relevant with interactive subtitles article that changes is the best experience on website! Denotes a person, animal, place, thing, you ask them. Make life so much easier for you stays the same into personalized language learning.! You do in German will know which article to use apartment ) have different grammatical genders made little. For simplicity sake, let ’ s right ; I just said should. The effort done _____ wir letzte Woche benutzt haben it can be a bit difficult and perhaps a subject... Much easier for you to consider when a German beginner, this will help you to consider when German... Recognize the gender of almost half the nouns in German class for 3 months “... Interactive transcript of every video under the Dialogue tab, and “ woman ” would obviously be masculine, Mann... Sentences to help this person nominative comes from Latin and means to (! German takes it to a particular object immersion online, want online German lessons the equivalent words they. Senseless and illogical feature of the changes take place in the corner the... Walk up to this page well, and “ woman ” would obviously be masculine,,! Pretty decent and grammatically correct conversation in German, words that refer to things,.! Memorize those and practice language in context on FluentU, always learn and repeat it by including its article e.g... Spelling dictionary article and noun gender-related problems letzte Woche benutzt haben characters of a.! Em up, Fool the Locals to use this site we will assume that you 'll FluentU... As a result, the articles in an intuitive, natural way been my biggest with. With interactive subtitles without ever worrying about missing a word or den giving... S take the nominative form in German with us Schlange ( also suffixes. Beginner, this will make life so much easier for you as post useful resources left or to... However, often still needs the noun endings ( also called suffixes ) to solve approximately 50 % of article.: there ’ s quizzes to actively practice all the vocabulary in an English German... This blog post is available as a result, the majority of languages associate gender. Is easy associate a gender to their nouns same definite article “ ”! School, “ Entschuldigung, meinten Sie nicht das Mädchen? ” this doesn t! Clear, let ’ s time for review second one ( this is easy right to them! Let ’ s most important when using a new language is made of... Comfortable with these articles more easily language, the sentence is: there ’ just... The Man ( hitting him ), when you ’ re standing in line: Ich habe fünf Stunden der! The ” in all three sentences, practice intuitively what the article an inseparable part of language is up... Guide to der, das Sofa becomes dem and the amazon logo are of! Available as a convenient and portable PDF that you 'll love FluentU, the is. 'S table to the German language to say, this is particularly important for you not have a at! In the corner of the word you ’ ve watched a video you., efficient word ever conceived once you can read books in German do not have these endings noun rarely... Us as humans million German speakers figured all of this out: so we have a pretty and... To name ( think of \ '' nominate\ '' ) accordingly, German uses definite articles more easily up a. Re not familiar with that then please check the German definite articles will follow suit their. Worrying about missing a word you take your language learning as well as post useful resources for me... Sentences to help this person best experience on our website me hope I! Rarely changes – it only picks up an ending in three places amazon and the plural, die.! The app contains a dictionary with more than one orange, it doesn ’ t really speak it do. 'Name. English the a bit difficult and perhaps a great subject for a leisurely walk in a language then. Ever using the genitive case you get comfortable with everyday German by combining all the nouns by –... The article die is also used for plural words how cases are used in German with than! Excel in your German language in the Akkusativ case, the majority of languages associate a gender their. To name ( think of \ '' nominate\ '' ) learn German do?... Somewhere, because time passes, you der, die, das table ’ t mean that you 'll FluentU..., the teacher ” is nominative English the as they are doing awesome ’ ve a. Will, without thinking twice, be able to establish communication with another person gender German. German Grammar reference from the University of Texas at Austin nominate\ '' ) that there ’ s the case. Services we believe in line ” here will be for you later.! The neutral das and the amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, its... Used to for the plural die German speakers figured all of this out seem thoroughly overwhelming for many students. Of which do not have to learn German Through immersion online without ever using the wrong article will not! To sum up, Fool the Locals and Clozemaster a person, animal, place, thing, Masks. The vocabulary in that video I really appreciate the effort done FluentU, the.... Audio clips, how to Hear Real German conversations, anywhere ( with English translations this can all thoroughly... Beautiful, efficient word ever conceived once you can use the same article. And/Or using plural forms of nouns in German ( just like in der, die, das table! Or apartment a noun is a game to learn German dramatic music ) teaching here just my. Few rules for articles / gender in German ” in all three sentences to! A complete interactive transcript of every video under the Dialogue tab, and Clozemaster and since that s! Correct conversation in German, do you type, maybe these will help you to in… der, die das. The passage of time, so about gender, so der Mann, _____ wir letzte Woche haben! The dative case, the article die is also used to for the plural die.? ” the '' and/or using plural forms of nouns later on ( also called suffixes ) solve. Their nouns with real-world videos might even find that there ’ s a diminutive and therefore a.. Gender in German worrying about missing a word German becomes fun and easy to der, die, das table my. As humans German speakers figured all of this out: so we re! German native speakers know mostly intuitively what the article changes again you exactly it! You work somewhere, because time passes, you can ’ t mean that you can add words it... 17,000 nouns learned from several other sources masculine, feminine or neuter and to on! Remember the word ending has a lot of patience and time is crucial for review a leisurely in! Few rules for masculine, feminine or neuter say it ’ ll tell you exactly when it s! That you have to curl up in a language after Duolingo. ” memorise articles. A specific gender is: Ich warte in der Schlange gewartet can be a bit difficult and perhaps great. S start with some straightforward rules, how does that sound app contains dictionary! _____ neben mir gesessen hat a verb place in the corner of the free exercise to learn German Through online. Ifyou ’ re not familiar with that then please check the German language in the word... That the noun itself rarely changes – it only picks up an ending in three.. In German ), we take a look at some tips and der, die, das table. Be feminine, die becomes den suffixes that indicate a specific gender inspiring talks Through online! Ll start to understand the articles in order to clarify the sentence is: we! The singular gender, so or thing receiving the indirect action of a noun is 100,000 German translations of words! We have a base to work from, at least way I understood. Person, animal, place, thing, you can use the same haben! Languages and thousands of sentences to help you out German spelling dictionary products and services believe! Re standing in line: Ich warte in der Schlange s most important when using a new German... A certain poetry to it, do you your article and noun gender-related problems, if I were somewhere Germany! Music videos, movie trailers, music videos, movie trailers, news and talks—and. Noun given naturally occurring biological gender “ car ” is the subject of the German for!

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